Golden Horde
Conventional designation of the state of Ulus Jochi or the Khanate Kipchak. It was a nation, that was a cross of Turcs and Mongolians and lived in the west part of the Mongolian Empire. The Horde flourished from the middle of the 13th century until the end of the 14th century and built up important commercial relationships with the nations of the Mediterranean Sea, especially the Genoese.

khan (Ilkhan), khagan
This title was used in Turkic and Mongolian languages to designate the supreme ruler. The Byzantines used it to refer to the rulers of the Avars, Khazars, Turks and Bulgarians.

pronoia
("care", "forethought") An institution that goes back to the 11th century. It refers to estates granted to a prominent military official or to the Church; it also designates in general the right of an individual of areligious foundation to receive directly from citizens of farmers whatever dues they would normally be obliged to pay to the state. The holder of a pronoia was called pronoiarios. The pronoiai could not be inherited by the family of military officials after their death, while when a donation was made to the Church, the pronoia was considered full and permanent.