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Byzantine navigation and sea routes in the Black Sea

Συγγραφή : Dimitrov Dimitar , (proofread.) Lees Christopher (4/3/2008)

Για παραπομπή: Dimitrov Dimitar, (proofread.) Lees Christopher, "Byzantine navigation and sea routes in the Black Sea", 2008,
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Εύξεινος Πόντος
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11970>
Byzantine navigation and sea routes in the Black Sea (14/11/2011 v.1) Βυζαντινή ναυσιπλοΐα και θαλάσσιοι δρόμοι στον Εύξεινο Πόντο (11/11/2011 v.1) 

ΓΛΩΣΣΑΡΙΟ
 

bireme
The bireme, i.e. a type of dromon, powered by two banks of rowers, one above the other (Taktika of Leo VI).The standard bireme dromon had two banks of 25 oarsmen per side, one below deck and one above it, for a total of 100 oarsmen . The overall length of the bireme was at least between 31 and 32 meters. The bireme had two masts.

chelandion
The terminological use in the sources is ambivalent. Sometimes the term chelandion was used synonymously with domon to refer to oar- and sail-powered warships of varying sizes and speeds.

ciguta
Α cargo ship whose characteristics were similar to those of the small linhs so probably it was also a hybrid type of ship just like the linh. The ciguta was typical for the West Black Sea and especially for the Danubian Delta area where a shipyard for chigutoi and pamfyloi existed.

dromon
dromon (“runner”) - first attested in the 5th – 6th C. as an oar-powered vessel with sails for auxiliary use. Although the dromon was a continuation of the Roman shipbuilding tradition, it reached such an advanced stage of development as to constitute a purely Byzantine type. In the sixth century according to Procopius, the term dromon referred to a single specific type of decked warship powered by one bank of rowers, but later sources from 9th and 10th C. indicate for dromons which had two or even three banks of rowers (these were the so called “bireme” and “trireme”). The offensive weapons of each dromon included a ram fixed to the prow and a siphon from which Greek fire was sprayed

frame-first construction
A shipbuilding method in which overall hull shape was determined primarily by frames (ribs) erected before planking, rather than by tenoned-together planking erected before frames (the method followed in the ancient Mediterranean world).

galea
galea (from γαλαίος, “swordfish”, ) – a term introduced first by Leo VI to denote light, rapid dromones powered probably by one bank of oars. They were commonly used as messenger ships or for reconnaissance in enemy waters.

Greek fire
Incendiary mixture based on crude oil (‘naphtha’), which was launched with the help of a pressure pump. Its used was spread in Byzantium towards the late 7th century and became one of the most powerful weapons of the Byzantine navy until the invention of canons.

griparea – (grippo, gripar, igribār)
Α small lateen-rigged ship which probably have been developed from the Venetian “grippo”. The griparea usually had one mast and was used particularly for trade and fishing. However some Trapezuntine sources refer to griparea as a warship in the fleets of Trebizond.

linh – (lignum)
A hybrid type of ship combining features of both oared and sailing, long and round-hulled ships. The use of oars was very helpful in cases of emergencies and for maneuvering in confined waters. The linhs were of small and medium size and were exploited primarily as merchant ships. However some sources attest them as warships as well as pirate ships.

mariner’s astrolabe
Αn astronomical computer with use in navigation. It consisted of a graduated circle with an alidade used to measure vertical angles. Early instruments were only graduated for 90°; later instruments were graduated for the full 360° circle around the limb.

moneres
moneres (monšria) – small extrarapid dromons, with only one bank of oars.

pamphylos (pamphylion)
Α round-hulled vessel that served to ferry war machines and horses. It was both oar- and sail-powered. The number of its oarsmen varied between 130 and 160 men.

periplus, the
From the greek word "περίπλους" (sailing-around), roughly corresponding to the Latin cercum-navigatio. For Phoenicians, Greeks, Romans nd Byzantines it was a manuscript document belonging to ancient documentary genre that survived in late antiquity.used as a guide for sea travelers. Thw periploi listed in order the ports and coastal lines, with approximate distances between, even shelters, that the captain of a vessel could expect to find along a shore, market towns, neighboring tribes and their wares. They also contain historical and mythological information and for the most part they are works of erudition.

portolan, portulan
(from latin word “portus”, port) a book with nautical instructions (today called “a pilot book”) which gives a description of the coastline and indicates the sailing directions which were to be followed in order to reach a given point of orientation (a port, promontory, island, estuary etc.). It also depicts the ports and anchorages with their navigational peculiarities and the possible approaches to them. The portulan is an achievement of the medieval navigation and could be considered as a result from the application of the compass in seafaring during the 12th C.

sandalion
A small sailing fishing and cargo ship which sometimes was also used as an auxiliary craft in the byzantine navy.

skafos
Α small oar-powered ship which had up to 50 oarsmen (like the emperor Maurice’s skafos, see Theophylacti Simocattae Historiae, ed. de Boor, Lipsiae 1887, p. 290). Some sources refer to skafoi the ships used by the Rus in their Black sea campaigns.

tarida (tarīda)
Α hybrid cargo ship (for horses) combining features of both oared and sailing, long and round-hulled ships, of arabic origin. The Genoese sources reveal thatthe design and form of the tarida were similar to those of the galley. The tarida had usually two lateen-rigged masts but just like the galley it also used the power of the oars.

trireme
Anc. oblong war ship (37 m. length and 5.5 m. width) which used 170 oarsmen who sat in three levels. It could quickly cover long distances and ram the ships of the enemy.Byz. the largest type of dromon, powered by three banks of rowers. In “De ceremoniis” of Constantine VII, there are references to this large type of dromon which had banks of oars for 230 rowers. The length of these large tenth-century dromons has been estimated at 60 m, their breadth at 10 m, and their height from the keel to the top of the bow and stern towers as 5–6 m. Their draft was 1.5 m. With a displacement of more than 100 tons, these vessels could cruise at 5 knots and developed a battle speed of 7 knots.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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