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Mykolaiv

Συγγραφή : Papakonstantinou Katerina (17/3/2008)
Μετάφραση : Abouti Angeliki

Για παραπομπή: Papakonstantinou Katerina, "Mykolaiv",
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Εύξεινος Πόντος
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=11570>
Νικολάιεφ (12/12/2008 v.1) Mykolaiv (8/4/2009 v.1) 

ΓΛΩΣΣΑΡΙΟ
 

Baltic Exchange House
The Baltic Exchange House was founded in 1823 as "Baltic Coffee House" and soon became the most important market for the purchase of cargoes in London. Its aim was to restrict the number of the traders and protect its 300 members from speculators. A significant number of its members were Greek.

Corn Laws
The end of the Napoleonic Wars liberated the commercial activity, leading to a steep fall of the prices of cereals in Britain. Representatives of the interests of the agricultural economy, with the land aristocracy at their head, managed in 1815 to persuade the Parliament to pass a legislation, according to which wheat was forbidden to be imported as long as its price was under 80 shillings per quarter (measurement unit for wheat and equals, equal to 64 gallons or 291,2 liters). Over this price imports were free. Respective measures were taken for other cereal products. However, the fact that this measure proved to be a failure in many respects led in 1828 in the adoption of a taxation based on a sliding scale of prices. Pressure against the law from a large part of British society, most notable from the group of industrialists of northern England, was expressed through the organization "Anti-Corn Law League". This pressure, combined with the Great Famine in Ireland (1845-46), forced the Peel administration in 1846 to abolish the Corn Law, liberating in this way the imports of cereals.

emancipation of the serfs in Russia in 1861
Sefdom was established In Russia from the 17th century. It constituted a legal, economic and social network of dependence of a large part of the agricultural population that cultivated areas of the Russian nobility. The feudal obligations of the Russian serfs towards the landowners can be limited to two basic categories: provision of work (barschina) and paying taxes (obrok). In 1861, the tzarist regime, as part of the attempt to modernize the state after the Crimean War, abolished serfdom, liberating 23,000,000 serfs. The now free peasants were obliged to financially compensate the landowners for a part of the land they bought off.

free port (porto franco)
Ιn international terms free ports or porti franchi were commercial ports where the payment of customs duties, mainly for transit trade's products or for cargo temporarily stored there, was abolished. Well-known free ports in the Mediterranean Sea were those of Trieste and Livorno and in Romania the ports of Galaţi, Sulina, Brăila and Costanţa.

Irish Famine
The horrible potato harvests in Ireland in the period 1845-46 led the agricultural population to a devastating famine (Irish Famine), since they based their diet on the low cost potato monoculture. The dead are estimated from 1,000,000 to 1,500,000, most from diseases. In the same period, approximately the same number of Irish people immigrated either to England, to the British colonies, or (mostly) to the USA.

Navigation Acts
The Navigation Acts were applied in England for the first time in 1651. They provided that all the products from Asia, Africa and America that would be imported to England or to its colonies should be transported with English ships, whose owner and the majority of the crew should be English citizens. The products from Europe should be imported either by English ships or by ships from the country where these products were produced. Since 1822, these restrictive laws were modified and prohibitions were gradually limited, while their complete abolition took place in 1849, as part of the further liberalization of British economy.

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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