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The Greek coinage of the western and northern Black Sea started circulating from the 6th century BC. Both areas are characterized by the initial introduction of peculiar bronze objects, whose monetary value is archaeologically confirmed. Silver, bronze and even gold coins have been unearthed and categorized according to their depicted images. Overall, the coinage of the area under investigation was strongly influenced by cultural, economic and political factors. |
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Commercial amphorae in the Black Sea area |
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Commercial posts and harbours |
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During the Greek colonization in the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, settlements of various functions and financial orientation were created. The ancient authors, attempting to define or categorize them, used (and sometimes coined) different terms in the Greek language, like polis, emporion, asty, polichnion, kome, limen, epineion and so forth. Each of these terms can be multivalent. The term emporion denoting a colony or a type of settlement in the Black Sea rarely occurs in the ancient... |
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Fishing in the Black Sea (Antiquity) |
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Fish was always an important nutritional element, trade and health resource in the ancient world. Fishing in the rivers or in the open sea appears as one of the most ancient and important activities since prehistoric times. Abundant prehistoric traces of fishing tools, fish motifs in pre-Greek, Scythian, and Thracian ornaments around the Black Sea shores offer excellent evidence for activities of fishing in the broader Black Sea area although the large scale of activity remained restricted to... |
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Metallurgy and Metals in the Black Sea Area (Antiquity) |
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This entry is devoted to the metal sources around the Black Sea with an emphasis on the results of archaeo-geological and metallurgical studies and metallurgical and metalworking remains known in the Greek colonies around the Black Sea (Apolonnia, Mesembria, Histria, Olbia and its chora, Borysthenes, Chersonesos, Nymphaion, Pantikapaion, Phanagoria, Gorgippia, Tanais). Special attention is given to the tools of ancient metalworkers: casting moulds, matrices and punches. |
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Production and commerce of grain in the Black Sea (Antiquity) |
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Seafaring and ships in the Black Sea |
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Wool and leather products |
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